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The 1960s are identified as the period in American history when social problems were increasingly attributed to forces outside the individual. Spearman's introduction of the general factor of intelligence and other early advances in research on intelligence are discussed along with a consideration of links between intelligence testing and racial politics. The book starts with an introduction that appraises the history of the concept of intelligence from Francis Galton to modern times. The book's title comes from the bell-shaped normal distribution of intelligence quotient (IQ) scores in a population. The Bell Curve, published in 1994, was written by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray to explain the variations in intelligence in American society, warn of some consequences of that variation, and propose social policies for mitigating the worst of the consequences. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Several criticisms were collected in the book The Bell Curve Debate. A number of critical texts were written in response to it. Shortly after its publication, many people rallied both in criticism and in defense of the book. Many of the references and sources used in the book were advocates for racial hygiene, whose research was funded by the white supremacist organization Pioneer Fund. The authors claimed that average intelligence quotient (IQ) differences between racial and ethnic groups are at least partly genetic in origin, a view that is now considered discredited by mainstream science. The book has been, and remains, highly controversial, especially where the authors discussed purported connections between race and intelligence and suggested policy implications based on these purported connections. They also argue that those with high intelligence, the "cognitive elite", are becoming separated from those of average and below-average intelligence, and that this separation is a source of social division within the United States. Herrnstein and political scientist Charles Murray, in which the authors argue that human intelligence is substantially influenced by both inherited and environmental factors and that it is a better predictor of many personal outcomes, including financial income, job performance, birth out of wedlock, and involvement in crime than are an individual's parental socioeconomic status. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life is a 1994 book by psychologist Richard J.